Pro-Inflammatory Diet Associated with An Increased Risk of Bladder Cancer

by | Jul 23, 2024 | 2024, Bladder Health, Cancer, Recent Articles

Written by Chrystal Moulton, Science Writer. Patients in the highest quartile [with high DII scores] were four times more likely to develop bladder cancer (OR = 4.33, P <0.01).

cancerBladder cancer is a second leading cause of death among urological disease1,2. Previous research has demonstrated the importance of an anti-inflammatory diet in improving prognosis in individuals dealing with cancer while serving as a protective measure against chronic disease3,4. In order to quantitatively assess the anti-inflammatory level of an individual’s diet, the dietary inflammation index (DII) was created5. High scores on the dietary inflammation index (DII) indicated a pro-inflammatory diet while low scores indicated a anti-inflammatory diet. Some case-control studies have shown that high dietary inflammation index (DII) score is associated with bladder cancer6,7. While another study demonstrated that DII was not associated with risk of bladder cancer8. In the current study, researchers compared the results of a case-control study utilizing DII to determine risk of bladder cancer against associations observed in the NHANES database9.

One-hundred thirty patients diagnosed with bladder cancer were included in the case-control study. The control group was recruited among the local community and matched to each patient 3:1 by gender and age (±5years). Individuals with incomplete or missing data related to covariates or dietary intakes were excluded from this study. Furthermore, individuals with a history of chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases were also excluded from this study. Participants in both the control and patient group signed informed consent to participate in this study. In order to compare the case-control study to data from the NHANES study, researchers took a subsample of data from 1999 to 2020 from the NHANES database. Researchers selected 145 individuals with bladder cancer from the NHANES subsample data for this study. Researchers also selected controls from the NHANES database and matched them to the selected individuals with bladder cancer 3 to 1. Researchers utilized a food frequency questionnaire to collect dietary information from each participant in the case-control portion of this trial. NHANES also gathered 24 hour dietary call interview data for the 145 selected bladder cancer patients. Then, researchers calculated an overall dietary inflammation index (DII) score for each individual. Logistical regression models were used to divide participants into quartiles based on dietary inflammation index (DII) scores. Both adjusted and unadjusted data are represented in the results. Researchers compared the logistical regression model in the case-control study versus the NHANES study to confirm the effectiveness of the dietary inflammation index (DII) score in association with bladder cancer.

405 participants were included in the study. Average age of participants was 62.7 years old with 69% of participants being male, 48.7% showing high rates of smoking, and 39.8% alcohol consumption. Researchers observed a high DII score among individuals with higher rates of smoking and alcohol consumption. Also, men and individuals who were less educated were more likely to have higher DII scores. In the case-control study, individuals in the bladder cancer group consumed more red meat, soybean oil, grains, fat, carbohydrates, and vitamin E than the individuals in the control group. In the NHANES trial, researchers saw no significant difference in dietary intake between individuals diagnosed with bladder cancer and the control. Logistical regression analysis in the case-control study showed that, compared to individuals with the lowest DII score, patients in the highest quartile [with high DII scores] were four times more likely to develop bladder cancer (OR = 4.33, P <0.01). Even after adjusting for covariates, researchers saw a significant positive association between high DII scores and the risk of bladder cancer (OR = 5.82, P<0.001). When a logistical regression analysis was applied to the NHANES trial, researchers saw a twofold increased risk of bladder cancer in patients with high DII scores (OR = 2.0, P <0.05) and this significance was maintained even after adjusting for covariates (OR = 1.94, P <0.05). Subgroup analysis of the individuals in quartile 4 for each study demonstrated that smoking (P <0.01) and drinking (P <0.0 5) were significantly and positively associated with the development of bladder cancer in patients with high DII scores.

Overall, data from this study comparing results from a case-control trial and the NHANES trial showed that pro-inflammatory diets based on the dietary inflammation index are significantly and positively associated with the risk of bladder cancer. Further analysis will be needed to verify these findings.

Source: Teng, Chunying, Weihong Lu, Jiawen Che, Yanhong Wu, Danqun Meng, and Yujuan Shan. “Association of Pro-Inflammatory Diet, Smoking, and Alcohol Consumption with Bladder Cancer: Evidence from Case–Control and NHANES Studies from 1999 to 2020.” Nutrients 16, no. 11 (2024): 1793.

© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).

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Posted July 23, 2024.

Chrystal Moulton BA, PMP, is a 2008 graduate of the University of Illinois at Chicago. She graduated with a bachelor’s in psychology with a focus on premedical studies and is a licensed project manager. She currently resides in Indianapolis, IN.

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